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Transnational feminism is a contemporary feminist paradigm. The name highlights the difference between ''inter''national and ''trans''national conceptions of feminism, and favours the latter. As a feminist approach, it can be said that transnational feminism is generally attentive to intersections among nationhood, race, gender, sexuality and economic exploitation on a world scale, in the context of emergent global capitalism. Transnational feminists inquire into the social, political and economic conditions comprising imperialism; their connections to colonialism and nationalism; the role of gender, the state, race, class, and sexuality in the organization of resistance to hegemonies in the making and unmaking of nation and nation-state. Transnational feminist practice is attentive to feminism as both a liberatory formation and one with longstanding ties to colonialism, racism and imperialism. As such, it resists utopic ideas about "global sisterhood" while simultaneously working to lay the groundwork for more productive and equitable social relations among women across borders and cultural contexts. == Early history == The contemporary concept of transnational feminism can be traced to the 1970s. Although different scholars point to somewhat different dates, a general consensus rests around the United Nations and other world conferences of the time leading to a transnational shift. Although international feminism has existed since the early 20th century, it didn't become transnational in essence until the 1970s.〔Tohidi, N. (2005). Transnational feminism: A range of disciplinary perspectives. In E. Dubois, N. Tohidi, S. Peterson, M. Blackwell, & L. Rupp (Eds.),Transnational feminism: A range of disciplinary perspectives (pp. 1–24).〕 It originated from the increasing contact among transnational feminist groups from all over the world creating transnational feminist networks.〔 These feminist groups represented different women from different countries and regions. These diverse groups brought different backgrounds to the discussion of feminism and gender issues. Transnational feminism resulted from feminism taking on a transnational scope.〔Conway, J. (2012). Transnational feminisms building anti-globalization solidarities. Globalizations, 9(3), 379–393.〕 There were a number of United Nations conferences during this period that led to interactions of women's movements. In 1975 the United Nations Decade of Women began with the United Nations declaration of an International Women's Year. This ushered in a decade of conferences that would continue to the present. Important events during this period included conferences in Mexico City (1975), Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985), and Beijing in 1995.〔Quataert, J. H., & Roth, B. (2012). Guest editorial note: Human rights, global conferences, and the making of postwar transnational feminism. Journal of Women's History, 24(4), 11–23〕 These conferences and others facilitated the contact of feminists from all over the globe, allowing for discussions to occur that transcended borders. While so called "western feminists", a term for feminists that were "US-based white, class-privileged women"〔Conway, J. (2008) Geographies of transnational feminisms: The politics of place and scale in the world march of women. Social Politics, 15(2), 207-231〕 had dominated the women's rights movement, when women from other parts of the globe were brought in, they began criticizing this type of women's rights for assuming all women had the same experiences, and not considering the impact of factors such as race, state, economic status had on their lives. The theories of WID and GAD also helped to highlight gender related issues that pertained to women worldwide.〔Dempsey, S. E., Parker, P. S., & Krone, K. J. (2011). Navigating socio-spatial difference, constructing counter-space: Insights from transnational feminist praxis. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 4(3), 201–220.〕 The establishment of transnational feminist networks did many things, one such thing was creating numerous NGOs.〔 The United Nations conferences were not the only factors leading to the transnationalization of feminism as mentioned, WID and GAD played important roles and so did other global events. As more women globally were gaining greater access to education, obtaining jobs, and becoming more mobile, it allowed for women to more easily meet and communicate.〔 The spread of neoliberalism, poor working conditions, and declining welfare conditions in many countries led many women to find common ground and to subsequently form transnational feminist groups and organizations.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transnational feminism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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